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| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. I 





THE 




El 


ements 

— OF — 




ENGLISH 


OETHOEPY. 


For the use of Teachers and Pri 


mary Schools. 


^Y 


C^C^/-> ~ iv^/t/ 


Entered according to Act of Congress, ir 

by ELAM MARSH, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, 


l the Year 1876, 
at "Washington^ 


' 




of vv ■ : / 


cpi 


CAGO, ILL. 

1876. 





INTRODUCTORY. 



The Elements of English 'Orthoepy are the Sounds and Ar- 
ticulations of the language. They are made in our hearing till 
we easily learn to make them ; but many of these same elements 
are so variously represented to our sight, so variously written and 
printed, that we learn to read and pronounce correctly with great 
difficulty. In fact, to read well, or to pronounce and write correctly, 
has ever been one of the most difficult of human attainments. 

To obviate this dfficulty and make the visible language like 
the audible, easily attained, it becomes necessary to have for each 
primary element of Orthoepy a seperate symbol to be used invari- 
ably to represent that element and no other. Then by writing or 
printing every syllable as it should be pronounced, the visible et- 
ymology of the language will correspond truly with the audible 
or current of speech; and be very much easier attained and re- 
membered. 

The philosophy of the human voice has been and is yet but 
little understood, and it would be next to impossible to represent 
on paper all the powers of speech. The different forces, pitches and 
intonations of the voice, are too various and numerous to be well 
represented to our sight, and no one proposes to make any such at- 
tempt. But the common sounds of the language, both accented and 
unaccented, primary and articulated, can be so represented ; and it 
ought to have been done two hundred or more years ago. 

Primary Sounds and the various Articulations of them 
are distinctly different things, which should have been long ago, 
made plain to teachers and pupils everywhere. A Sound is made 
by the movement of the voice through a tone, semitone or other 
interval. An Articulation is a particular movement of the breath 
and organs of speech without any sound, or with one sylabic sound 
as well as another. 



The Primary sounds are inarticulate and few in number- only 
ten- each having its cognate or secondary mode of simple utter- 
ance. The first or alphabetic mode is the full accented sound; and 
the second is the short unaccented mode ; as represented in the 
following table. 



Accented. 


Unaccented. 








A 


e 


as in 


Ale 


ell 


E 


l 


a a 


eel 


ill 


O 


u 


a a 


note 


nut 








a a 


fool 


full 


se 


a 


a a 


fair 


fan 


A 


A 


a a 


far 


sofa 


11 


e 


a a 


all 


on 


• 

1 




a a 


pine 


pin 


u 




a a 


pure 


pull 


01 




a a 


our 


your 



In this table we see at once the letters representing the pri- 
mary sounds. The name of each accented letter is the distinct pro- 
per sound which it represents, made by its most easy and simple 
mode of accented utterance. Each cognate or unaccented letter is 
placed in line with, and has the name of, its antecedent. The cog- 
nate of i, is the same as the unaccented e ; and the cognate of u 
and ai are both the same as the unaccented oo. 

Every proper mode of uttering a sound other than its inartic- 
ulate is a particular articulation of it, that in the written language 
should be represented to our sight by its proper letter or combi- 
nation of letters. 



To represent all the different modes of articulation, we use 
twenty seven letters and 375 different combinations of the same : 
each one of which represents a different movement of the organs 
or breath, and of course a different articulation or modus operandi 
of articulated utterance. 

The Primary Articulets, usually called Consonants, are 

b d g v th z o j y w — r 1 m n it ; 

ptkfhscfhAV — q and x. Their different 
powers or modes of articulating, may be seen in the following 
table. 



b as in 

d " 

V 

th " 

z 

o 

j " 

y " 

w " 

r " 

1 

m " 

n nE en nun letters are used only for kw 

n> ing and ks ; and there is no good 

reason why many other combinations may not be symbolized as 

well. X and n> are terminals always used after the sounds which 

they articulate. 

The letters, y h w av and q, are initials,— always placed, when 
used, at the begining of sylables. — Y represents quiet breath, 
and h, explosive breath, made with but little movement of the or- 
gans of speech. W and ay represent a movement of the organs like 
that made in uttering oo— the former with quiet breath and the 
latter with explosive, 



articulets, 




Aspirate articulets 




bE 


eb 


bib 


P 


as in 


PE 


up 


pipe 


dE 


ed 


did 


t 


a 


tE 


it 


tit 


gE 


eg 


gig 


k 


t( 


kE 


ok 


kick 


VE 


ev 


viv 


f 


61 


fE 


if 


life 


thE 


with thither 


h 


(6 


hE 


both 




ZE 


1Z 


ZEZ 


s 


66 


SE 


es 


sis 


zyE 


Azure 


c 


66 


she 


ash 




JE 


ej 


juj 


f 


66 


ChE 


itch 


church 


ya 






h 


66 


hE 






WE 






AV 


66 


WllL 






rE 


ur 


rEr 












IE 


el 


lul 


q 


(.6 


kWE 


i 


> These 


mE 


em 


mum 


x 


66 




eks 1 


two 



J 


r 





and 


c, 


dy 


ty 


zy 


and 


sy, 


dg 


ch 


zh 


and 


sh, 



are used to represent the letters 
which are the true combinations that 
have been used to represent. 

When j f z or c is used between two syllables of the same 
word, it articulates both syllables. 

The primary Articulets used both bejore and after sounds, are, 
bpcltgkvf thhzsocj frlmn — these and y h w a\ and q, 
making 25 in number, together with the following 35 combina- 
tions, dw tw gw k w hw sw sq sf sm sn — br pr dr tr gr kr vr fr hr 
cr sr — sk sp st str skr spr spl — bl pi gl kl vl 11 and si, represent 60 
different modes of articulating the sounds, initially. 

Every syllable of the English language begins with one of 
these sixty articulets, or with one of the 17 modes of uttering 
primary sounds, — minus u and ©, making in all, 75 different sylla- 
bic initials. 

In every sjdlable of the spoken English we have one, and only 
one, of the sounds, either of the first or second mode of utterance, 
articulated or inarticulate; and in every syllable of the written, 
we use one, and only one, of the letters which represent sounds. 

The terminal elements are more numerous than the initial. 
In addition to the 22 primary articulets used after sounds, there 
are 443 different terminal combinations of two, three, four, five 
and six letters each. These combinations are all more or less vocal 
or aspirate. They combine naturally, and have either a single 
or double inpulse of vocality. 

The combined terminals of two letters each, representing 
single impulse of vocality, are b'tl pt gd kt vd ft zd st th ht jd ft 
ct xt xh sp sk — bz ps ds ts gz ks vz fs th hs jz [*s ph dh th fh gh lh 
i'h — re rb rp rd rt rg rk rv rf rz rs rj rf rl rm rn rx — lx lc lm lb 
lp Id It Ig Ik lv If lz Is lj If — nj nf mp md mt mz mf nf nd nt nz 
ns nc nh — n>h ibd rbt n>z its rbg n>k n>x. 

Those of three letters each, representing single impulse, are, 
bst pst dst tst gst kst thst hst vst fst 1st mst nst net nft spt 
skt sps fts fhs dhs nhs xhs mft mfs mps mts — ndh ndz nts 
njz nfs njd nfd — rbst rtkt n»xt — rmh rmz raid rnz rnd rat — 
rbd rpt rgd rkt rxt rvd rft rzd rst rjd rft rgz rjz rfz rbz rps 
rhs rdz rts rvz rfs rsl — 1st lkt lxt lmz lmd lbd lpt lbz lps let 
ldz Its lvz lfs ljz lfs lvd 1ft ljd 1ft, 



Those of four and five letters each, are, lpst ldst ltst ljst lfst 
lest nest mdst mtst mpst ndst ntst njst nfst ibdst ibtst rtgst itkst 
bdst gdst vdst ftst — rsts rbst rpst rdst rtst rvst rfst rjst rfst 
rmst rnst — rmdst mdst lmdst rbdst rptst rktst rvdst rftst rstst. 

The combined terminals representing double impulse, are, bl 
pi dl tl gl kl vl fl zl si hi cl xl ibl zm zn sn bn pn cln tn kn vn fn 
thn hn — bid pld did tld gld kid vld flcl zlcl sld eld elz biz plz dlz 
tlz glz klz viz flz zlz slz jlz flz hlz hid stl mbl mpl ncllntlrtglibkl 
rbhn — stn vnh hncl hnz hmz zmz znz vnz dnz tnz clnd tndknd knz 
— blst plst dlst tlst gist klst vlst fist zlst slst — enst dnst tnst knst 
znst — mblz mplz mbld mpld ndld ntld ndlz ntlz stlz stld — rbglz 
itglcl rbklz itkld ibhnz rthnd — blclst plclst didst tldst gldst kldst 
vldst fldst zldst sldst — dndst tndst knclst zndst sndst — ndldst 
ntldst stl cist — rbgldst itklclst rbhn cist. 

Of all these differently combined syllabic terminals, each com- 
bination represents only owe element — one particular mode of ar- 
ticulation. 

Duplicate letters are not combined ; but belong to separate 
syllables. They are bb pp eld tt gg kk vv fifzz ss rr 11 mm and nn. 
These should not be used in monosyllables, nor in any word where 
the duplicate letter does not begin an accented syllable. They 
may be used to make the accent, which follows them, more forci- 
ble. Monosyllables need no duplicates ; for they have no accent 
requiring the repitition of the same letter in sequence. 

In speaking or pronouncing words or syllables, we use no 
substitutes, nor any unnecessary element ; and need not use any 
such in the structure of written or printed words. It is the use- of 
such, and the various representations of the same element to our 
sight, that makes the written English so difficult to be attained. 
. A syllable is a word, or part of a word, uttered by a single 
or double impulse. Many syllables have a double articulation, 
and some have a double impulse of vocality. When the move- 
ment of the voice through a tone or other interval is interrupted 
by an element of occlusion, the impulse of vocality is double. 

The letters which represent elements having the power of oc- 
clusion, are b p d t g k v f s c h and x. 

It is the vocality of 1 m n and other vocal articulets uttered in 
the same syllable subsequently to one of the above letters, that 
causes the double impulse ; but such vocality is not equivalent to 
a syllabic sound; and the combined terminal cannot be divided 



into separate syllables without adding a sound, which addition 
would change the true pronunciation. 

£To syllable in the language can have more than three ele- 
ments, — one articulation before, and one after the sound. A sylla- 
ble of only one element is always a primary sound. A syllable of 
two elements has but one articulation: either before or after the 
sound. 

Orthoepy is the art of correct pronunciation. Its elements 
are those used by the best speakers of the language ; and are the 
same as those represented by a scientific orthography. It em- 
braces sounds, articulation, syllabication and accent. Syllabication 
is the act of making syllables, or dividing words into syllables, 
according to their initial and terminal elements. 

Accent is a peculiar force of voice given to a sound: or it is 
the distinguishing of one or more syllables of a word from others, 
by the force of utterance. The accented syllable of an audible 
word is generally the longest ; and the excess of length alone, with- 
out much increase of force above the unaccented syllable, is usu- 
ally a sufficient distinction. 

Polysyllables and some Trisyllables have two accents, one 
more forcible than the other. The more forcible is the primary 
accent, which may be indicated by a suffix of the acute accent, ex- 
cept when the last syllable of a word has the primary accent, the 
grave accent should be prefixed. The less forcible is the second- 
ary accent, which may be omitted, or indicated by a small space, 

Accented sounds are represented by letters of different form 
from the unaccented; and in all visible words, the syllables of pri^ 
mary accent should ever be indicated. The expressive agency of 
accent is a great source of variety in speech; and its visible repre- 
sentation in printed or written words, ought not to be omitted. 
It appears to be well fixed by the orthoepy of the language: why 
then should it be neglected by writers and compositors. 

Emphasis employs all the elements of expression, by one or 
more of the specific modes of time, force, pitch and quality. It be- 
longs essentially to the current of discourse ; but it may be em- 
ployed on single words and simple sentences. It cannot well ex- 
ist without accent ; for the emphatic is always the accented sylla- 
ble. But the expressive agency of emphasis is more important 
than that of accent; and in the written or printed text, it should 
ever be made more or less visible. 



The Primary elements of orthoepy may be arranged in the 
usual alphabetic order, simply as an apparatus of symbols for the 
conveyance of thought; and the more perfect it can be made, the 
better. A thorough knowledge of these elements, and their artic- 
ulate combinations, will be a never-failing key to the correct pro- 
nunciation of words. 

The division of letters into vowels and consonants byname in- 
stead of sounds and articulets, may be very well; but we have no 
dipthongs nor tripthongs, for the very good reason that there are 
no such in the audible English. Every sound has its duality ; its 
base or beginning, and its end or vanish. The concrete movement 
of the voice through a tone or other interval, is the essential func- 
tion of every syllable. 

Ko syllable has more than one sound : two sounds in sequence, 
as well as two consonants of the same letter in sequence, ever be- 
long to separate syllables. The old method of spelling words has 
never been successfully taught to the masses, and never can be ! 
People are demanding orthographic reform ; they cannot afford to 
keep their children in school term after term, eight or ten years, 
when the inevitable result is, that onlv a few ever learn to read well. 

A more practical method of teaching pupils to spell, articu- 
late and pronounce correctly, is to practice thoroughly the read- 
ing of monosyllables by naming the syllabic initial and then sound- 
ing the syllabic terminal before pronouncing the word; and for 
this purpose of drill many ot the monosyllables of the language 
have been tabulated. 

This practice and that of simply drawing or writing words 
and sentences upon paper, slate or blackboard, are sure methods 
of teaching pupils how to pronounce and write correctly. Yet, 
we are well aware that "the adoption of any scheme for remov- 
ing the obstacles which the English orthography presents to 
learners of the language, must depend on public opinion." 

The spoken English language is both phonetic and articulate, 
and has always been so : why not make the visible English corres- 
pond with the audible? 

We "honor the struggling millions who bear the burdens of 
society; whose hands are tied by the poverty of their circumstan- 
ces. Their faith and hope and patience are sublime. They are 
the victims of a false system and of cunning men who madly 
speculate in the world's misfortunes." 



10 

" There is no disguising the fact that the laboring classes, 
even in this country, are suffering under great wrongs that demand 
instant redress. In the presence of such wrongs the seeds of rev- 
olution germinate.'" One of the many wrongs to which we allude 
is the persistent use of what is called English orthography, when 
every syllable and word of the language may be easily written in 
letters representing the elements of its orthoepy and in accord- 
ance with the standard pronunciation of a Webster or Worcester. 

Parents and teachers will find this is not a spelling 'book — but 
an articulating, phonetic, First Eeader; designed expressly for 
teaching the true elements of Englisn pronunciation — making 
a definite distinction between sounds and articulations, and be- 
tween syllables of single and double impulse of vocality. 

Every letter is limited in its use to one office ; and different 
combinations represent different elements. To represent the 
sound of a in fare we now use the double letter se, found in the 
regular fonts and for wiiich a more appropriate letter may be 
made and substituted. 

The sound of a in far and a in fast, not being radically the 
the same, we use for the former the Koman V inverted and for 
the latter the Italic V inverted. 

C is used for sh, and c inverted for zh ; but these letters, zh 
and sh, are a false representation of the two elements — the true 
analization of which is,-zy and sy — zhand sh do not combine. 

U inverted is used to represent the sound of a in all. These 
with six new letters make a separate letter or symbol for each 
primary element. 

Jiiir On the twelfth and thirteenth pages, is presented the 
pupils first lesson, the Arabic notation and the English 
sounds. The figures and words of the former are simply to be 
counted or named by the pupil; and the sounds are to be made 
and repeated until the form of each letter and its name are well 
known at sight. 

J^i^ On the fourteenth and fifteenth pages, is the pupils 
second lesson, the primary articulets — • each with a sound and 
"Cap" indicating its name — to be read by the pupil distinctly 
and repeatedly until the form of each letter and its name are well 
known. Then wherever the book is opened the teacher and pupil 
will find a new lesson, subdivided into several exercises. 



11 

MR. SHERIDEN said :— "The greatest difficulty of the English tongue 
lies in the pronunciation. Some of our grammarians tell us that grammar 
consists of two parts, Orthoepy, or the just manner of pronouncing, and 
Orthography, or the just manner of writing words. But after they have 
made this distinction, they scarce take any further notice of Orthoepy, and 
their whole pains are employed about the other article, Orthography. They, 
are deterred from that part of the work by the immense difficulty of the 
undertaking." 

"This is the task on which I am now employed — to restore the first 
and noblest part of grammar to its just rank and power, and to reduce the 
other to its clue state of subordination: to make spoken language as it ought 
to be, the archetype, of which the written language should be considered 
only as the type." 

DR. J. THOMPSON, of Glasgow, said:— "Often have I wished to see 
something done in the improvement of our Orthography, for our own good 
and credit; but much more have I wished it in reference to the study of our 
tongue in foreign nations. Patriotism and the love and the good of other 
nations should lead us to remove every hindrance that exists to the study of 
our language. Do Englishmen wish to make the acquisition of knowledge 
as difficult as possible to their own children?" 

The late DR. THOMAS CLARK, of Aberdeen, said:— "The difficulty of 
reading English is felt not only by foreigners, but unfortunately by a large 
and most important portion of community. I fear that a great many who 
figure in statistical tables as being able to read, possess merely the name but 
not the power. Inquire minutely how most persors read. To them the hard 
spelling of English is a darkening of knowledge ; to them a judicious reform- 
ation in the spelling of our language would be an opening of the fountain 
of light." 

MR. R. MARTIKEAU says:— " There, is not a single rule which a 
teacher can lay down for spelling which has not almost as many exceptions 
as examples. How spelling can be taught at all in elementary schools is a 
constant wonder to me." 

Professor MAX MULLER says:— "I hope something will be done 
before long to reform the unhistorical, unsystematic, unintelligible, 
unteachable, but by no means unamendable spelling, now current in 
England." 

DR. R. G. LATHAM says:— "I consider the question how far a knowl- 
edge of the new spelling facilitates progress in the old, as one of great 
practical importance. I say, that if it can be proved that the shortest way 
of learning the present system is to begin with the phonetic, it is an educa- 
tional question which should and probably will be entertained." 

Reading and writing are not education, but they are primary, funda- 
mental and preliminary to education. A man may be able to read and write 
without being educated; but he cannot well be educated without being able 
to read and write. 



12 














Lesn 






Koint the fig'urz and wurdz 














1 wun 

2 to 

3 tirE 

4 for 

5 fiy 

6 six 

7 sevn 

8 At 

9 nin 
10 ten 










1 1 


2 


3 


4 5 6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


wun 


to 


hrE 


for fiv six 


sevn 


At 


nin 


ten 



I. 










- 


13 






Sound onli the aksent' ed let'urz. 












A 


e 












E 


i 















u 












<D 















8e 


a 












A 


A . 












a 


e 








- 




• 

1 














u 














ai 








A 


E 





o se 


A n i 


u 


OI 


e 


I 


u 


o a 


a e i 









14 




Lesn 


NAm the smnl let'urz 


and pro v nains the ka 




bi 


B 




di 


D 




& 


G 




ft 


F 


! 


thi 


Th 




Zl 


Z 




01 







• 


J 




yi 


Y 




WI 


W 


ur K, 


el L, em 


M, en N, iit it, 


b d g v 


th z o j y w — r 1 m n n 



_ 


15 


II. 




Pro v noans oi iz'yi, ci is v yi, ft it 


v yi, mx hoi. 


pi P 




ti T 




ki K 




ft F 




li Th 




si S 




ci G 




fi f 




hi H 




Ail J& 




qi Q, ex 


X. 


ptkfhscfh 


ay — q x. 



16 


100 wurdz — sauidz inic'al. 
NAm Ef let'ur, then pro'nains the wurd. 


Lesn 


Az 


AS Al Ad 


At Ap 


Ak 


AX 


EZ 


Er e1 ev 


Et Ef 

• 


E k 


EX 


OZ 


or oh od 


ot of 


ok 


OX 


oz, 


sez ser, ai 


Ab Am 


A) 


Af 

• 


AZ 


Ar Ak ax 


At Am 




Af 

• 


nz 


nr nl nd 


lit nf 


nn, 


on 


ITZ, 


aiz ail air 


ait aif, 


oC 

• 




iz 


ir il id 


it is 


I'V 


I'm 


Iz 


il it if 


if, ej 


ef, 1 


ez 


es et ef 


eb el 


em, 


uz 


us ur up 


un, in 


in, 


az 


as at ad 


ab ac 


ax, 


^.Z 


Ar, am an, 


en eg 


ex, 


ez 


er ed en 


ev ef 


ex. 


KEd AtEn let'urz 


ev the al'fAbet. 


Ab 


cdEfghij 


k 1 m n o p 


o ee 


e 


I 




u 


o a 



17 

III. 

145 wurdz — saindz tur'minal. 

Kaui the inic'al aud the soancl, then pro'nains. 



Be bA bo bo bse da bn bai bi bi. 
Pe pA po po — pA pn pu pi pi. 
De dA do do do di du, gE gA go. 
Te ti tA to to to, kE kA kA ku kai. 
Ve vi vu vai,fE f a f o fA fi fu. 
ThE thA tho thai thi, hE ha hi hi. 
Se sa so so sn si su scri, ze zi. 
Ce ca co co en ci, je ja ja ju. 
Ye yA yo yo ya yu yo, (e Ci fu. 
He hA ho ho hn hi hu hoi, oe. 
We wa wo wo wi, m.e ava avo Aii. 
Be ya ro ro rn ri ri ru rai, auj. 
Le 1a lo lo In li li lu, max mu. 
Me itla mo mo mA mn mi mi. 
Ne iia no nu nn ni ni nai, qE qA. 



EecI nm'tEii ]et'urz ev the aVfAbet. 

Afiuairs tthhfqvwAixyzon 

A © 



18 

Lesn 
Pri'mare Atlk'olets be v for and After soundz. 

NAm the imc'al and scand the tur'menal, 

BAb bAb bib bub, dab dnb dub, 
tub tub, gAb gnb gab, kub kub kab 
keb, fib feb, sub seb, jib jib jab job, 
Cub, hub hob, lob, web, reb rib rob 
rub reb, mob, nob nib nub nab, gAb, 
pEp pop pip pup pap pep, dsp dup 
dip, tAp top tip tip tap top. 

G-np gap, kAp kEp kop kop kAp 
kip kup kap, fop, sop sop sip sup 
sap sop, cap CAp cip cop, fep ftp 
fap fop, yop, hEp hop hop hop hip 
hep, wEp wip, Aiip Avep, rAp rEp rop 
rip rip rap, lEp lop lop lip lap lep. 



KEd sevn'teen ev the kom v bincl inic'alz. 
NAin the let'urz and pro'noans the wurd. 

Dwi, twi, gwi, kwi, hwi, swi, 
smi, sni, bri, pri, dn, tri, gri, kn, 
vn, fn, hri. 



19 
IV. 

200 wurdz — tur'mmalz, b p d. 

then pro'nams the wurd. 

Mep mop map, nAp nap nip, cLecI 
did ded did dud dad, bad bEd bAd 
bAd boid bed bid bud bod, tod tAd 
tid, god gAd gid god god gad, kod 
kod kid kud ked kod kAd kaid, 
void yud vid, £axL fEd fod fud fed, 
had, sndsodsEdsod sid sud sedsad. 

CAd cod cod ced cad cod, JAd JEd 
JAd jnd jud, fud Cid fAd, yAd, hAd 
hEd hod hAd had hid hud hod hid 
hed had hod, WAd WEd wod wod 
wed wid wed, rud rod rAd rEd rod 
rid red rid red, lAd lod, yu'd. 



EecI AtEn ev the 35 kem v bind inic'alz. 
NAm the let'urz and pronains the wurdz. 

Sqi, sfi, sri, en, spi, sti, stri, ski, 
skri. spn — bli pli, gli kli, vli fli, 
sli, spli. 



20 Lesn 

Pri'man Atik'olets be'for and Af tur saindz. 

NAm the inic'al and saind the tur'menal, 

LEd lod lid lud laid lAd lnd 
lad led lid, mad mid mud mud 
mAd mEd mod mod mAd moid, nud 
nAd nEd nod nnd ned ned, qid qed, 
bAt bEt bot bot bnt bet bit bait 
bit bet but bat, pAfc pEt pAt poit 
pet pit pat pet pot. 

DAt dot dAt doit det dot, tot tot 
tAt tat tit tit tat, gAt got gait get 
gut get, kot kot kAt knt kit kut ket 
kit kut kat, vot vat, fAt fEt frit fit 
fit fot, fat, bnt, snt sit SEt sut sot 
sit sat set, cEt cot cot cent cut cet. 



Kem^bind mic'alz : sw sp st sq sn sk br pr far dr tr fr. 
Nahi the imc'al and the sound ; then pronoans. 

Swa swe spA spA spa spi spu, StA 
stA sto sti stu, sqn, sno, ski skA sku 
skai, brA bru brai, prA pri pru prai, 
hrE hro hru, drA dri dru drn, trs 
trA tri tru, frA frE fri frai. 



V. 21 

206 wurdz — tifrminalz, d t g. 
then pro'ncuns the wurcl. 

Yet yet, hAt hEt hot hAt hit het 
hit het hut hat, jet jet jut, pEt Cot 
fAt Cit fat, wAt wit wit wet, A\Et 

• • • j j 

Aiit A\et Aiet, rAt rot mt rit rait rat 
ret rit rut rot, lit lait lut lot lAt let 
lit, niAt mEt mot mAt mit mut 
met mit mat. 

NEt not not nit net nit nut nat 
net, qAt qot.qit qit, beg big bug 
bag beg, peg pig pug, dig dug deg, 
tug tag, gig gag geg, keg keg, 
VAg vog, fig fag fog, zig-zag, sag 
sog, jig jug jeg, hug hag hog, wig. 



Kem^bind mic'alz, gr kr skr str spr sr cr. bl pi kl si fl spl. 
Nam thi inic'al and thi soand, then pro'nouns thi wuid. 

GrA gro gru, kri kro kru, skru, stru 
stro stro str a strn, spr a sprE spri, 
sru cru, klu kin Ma kli, bio blu, 
plA plE pli pica, sIa slo sli slu slai, 
Ae Aa no fli flu no fla, splE. 



22 

Pri'mari Atik'olets be'for and Af tur scundz. Lesn 

Bog rug rig rag, lEg leg lug lag 
leg, mug meg, nig nag neg, bEk 
bAk bAk bnk bek buk bak bok, pek 
pik pak pek pEk pok pAk pik puk, 
dAk dik duk duk dek dek, tAk tnk 
tik tok tuk tak, gnk, kAk kok kok. 

Pav, dov div duv, tAv, gAV giv, 

kAV kov kAY, fiv, SAV SAV SIV, CAV 

cev civ cuv, Iiev hov Iiav hiv hav, 
wav wev wov, tev tav rov riv, Iav 
Iev liv luv, mev, nAV. BEf buf, 
puf, dEf def duf def, tuf, gaf gAf, 
kAf knf kuf, fif, tiEf, zif, SAf , CEf. 



Pro'ncuns E.f sil'able sep'AAtli, then tin wurd. 

At I ot I, ez i oz i, sen, Am I i vi is i 
all eni coi dui doi toi, bni jni 
km, tm hni, Jul fur, nil bnil fnil 
kail, rnil, sniltnil, bAbibebibezi 
boti buti bom beni, bndi bedi 
bid i, bugi bagi begi, bnki. 



23 
VI. 195 wurdz — tur'minalz, g, k, v, f, th, ft z. 

Jif, fEf Uf faf fAf, hAf huf hof, 
WAf wof wif, Avif, rEf rif rof ruf, b:f 
lof lif luf lAf, muf mif, nif, qaf, 
bAth, soth sith, tith, Kth loth, 
moith, nEth, with, boh bah bAh, 
pAh pah peh pih, deh doh, tEh toh 
koh, f\h, sih SEh soih. 

CEh, yuh yoh, hEh hah, wih, 
rEh rih rah rAh, lnh loh lah lAh, 
moh moih mih, bEZ bAz boz bAz 
biz boiz buz, pez pAZ poz priz piz 
puz, dAz dEz doz diz duz doz duz, 

tEZ tOZ t©Z tiz tlZ tAZ, gAZ. 



82 Dissil'ablz— ak'sent the furst sil'abl. 

Bevi bell boll bosi ben, ceri 
CAd i cod I CAk i cin i, cEp i,dAk i dad i 
dAri dAli dull dali duti fAdi fogi 
fog i fomi fumi fun fin fen fell 
foil fill, fin I fun i, fusi, fici fuel, 
gidi god i, gAli gull, gosi gas I. 



24 

Pri'man Atik'olets be v for and Af tur saindz. Lesn 

Wag, Avig, kik kak, hik, SEk SAk 
sok suk sik sak sok, cAk CAk cok 
cuk cak cek, jok jak JEk fok fnk fek 
fik fuk, yek yak, hAk hAk hik hnk 
hek hok hak, wnk WEk WAk wok 
wik, Aiak, rEk rAk rek rok rak rek, 
Uk lAk lEk lik lok lik luk lak lek, 
niAk niEk mAk nink muk, nek nik 
nok nak nek, qAk qak qik qAk, gEZ 
goz gnz, kEz kaz kAz kAZ koz kaiz, 

VUZ YOIZ, fuz fuz fAZ fEZ foz flZ, 

thEz thoz,hnz hiz, zez, sez soz snz 
siz suz saiz sez siz, cez caz. 



Pro'nains Ef sil'abl sep'AAtli, then tin wurcl. 

Bizi dizi dozi dAzi fuzi, gnke, 
hub i hebi hufi, hAdi hedi, heji, 
hegi, holi hoi i hill hill, lili, 
L\di led i, jell jell, hapi, hum, 
huri, hAti hati, hEvi hevi, Iiazi 
huzi, jok I jok I, jozl, jus I, kufi 



VII. 208 wurdz — tur'imnalz, k z s. 

Coz coz ciz cuz coz, jez jaz jaz 
jnz juz, fuz Fez foz foz [az friz, yEz 
yAz yuz, huz hnz Iiez hAz hoz hoz 
hcuz hiz haz, wez waz woz woz wuz 
wiz,.Aviz avez Aioz ayuz, rAz roz riz 
riz ruz rcuz, Iaz Iez loz lnz liz luz, 
iiiaz moz moz muz maiz miz, nEz 
nAz noz nnz nuz,qAz qEz qiz. Bas 
bos bus bas bes, pes pas pas pus 
pos pas, (Ias dos dis dus dais, tes, 
gEs gos ges gas, Icas kus kis, vas 
vis, fAS fAs fus, thus this, ses sis sas 
sas sous, jus, (as fes, yes yis yus. 



67 Dissil'ablz— ak'sent tin furst sil'abl. 

Kef I, koli, kepi, kuri kari, 
kadi, kit I, kAVi, kozi, lebi, Mi, 
logi, limi limi, 1a yi levi, 1a zi 
loizi, lsfi, modi mud I, mugi, 
muki, mEli moll, mom meni 
muni, mumi, men man. 



26 

Pri'mari Atik'olets be'for and a? tur saindz. Lesn 

Hais his, tas ris rus, Ies Ias 1©s 
Ins lis les las les, iiias mos mns 
mens mis mes mis mus mas meg, 
nis nES nos, bee bee, pic pec, die 
dac, tue, kac, fie fuc, hue Iiac hac 
sac, wic wee, rue rac, lac, mac. 

Mac mnc, nac, qec, bAJ buj baj, 
Paj pej, dej, goij gAj, kAg, fuj fa], 
sej saj sej, juj, Caj, huj hej hej, waj 
wej, Taj nj, nuj, lej lej Iaj Iej. BeC 
bif bat" bof, pEf pof pAf pcuf pif paf, 
dif duf, tEf tuf taf, kef kaf kof, fef, 
haf, suf, hif haf, voif, wef wif, asi(. 

Pro N ncuns Ef sil'labl and then thi wurd. 

NEdi, neb i, nagi, null, noti 
nnti net i, nefi, nAYi, padi, pufi, 
pig i pug I, pAli poll, pAmi, pes i 
pes i pus i, pom pini puni peni, 
pup i pep I, pAti poiti pet I pit i 
puti, pifi, pozi, pehi pihi pahi. 



VIII. 207 wurclz — tur'mmalz, s c j f r. 

EeT rif ref rof, IeT laf, niAf msf 

• • • • • • • • 

mu f ma f, m f no f. BEr bor bor bser 
bir bair bur, pEr por por peer pur 
pair pur, ctar dor dor dser dir dair, 
fur fEr for fur fser fir far for, YEr 
vur, tor tser tir'tcur tAr tEr tor. 

GAr gEr gor, koir kaer kor kur 
kur, thaer, SEr sor sur sur sair, coir 
cur CEr cor caer cir, JEr jur, fEr for 
faer, yur yor yor yEr, hEr haer hur 
hir hur, WAr wor wur wor wor 
waer wir wnr, A\aer Aiur, rEr ror 
raer, nar nor, qEr qir, qEn, WEn. 



67 Dissil'ablz— ak v sent thi furst sil'abl. 

Rubi, red I rudi roidi qEri qori, 
riji, rogi, roki, rill rail, rimi 
romi, rAni rnni, tasi risi, ropi, 
rut I rot I, rozi, SEdi sodi, sogi, 
saki, saji seji, sill sail, semi, sum 
sop i sop i sop i sap i, sasi sasi sisi. 



28 

Pri'mari Atik'olets t>e v for and After saindz. Lesn 

LAr Iep lor lir lur lair, mAr niEr 
mor mor mir maer mur, nEr nir. 

BaI bol bnl bil bil bel, pAl peI 
pol pol pnl pil pil pol, (1e1 (1a1 dol 
del dul del, tol tEl tAl tol tnl til til 
tel, gAl gol gfil gail gil gil gnl. 

KaI kEl kol kol knl kail kul kil 
kil, vaI veI vil yiI, fkl M M M fil 
fil fail fol fel, tnl, zeI, saI seI sol 
sel sel sil, caI col cal cal eel, j'aI jel 
jil, fil, ynl yel yu'l, IiaI bel hEl lul 
ho'l hnl hail hoi hul, weI wil wol. 



Pro v nains eC sil'abl and then tin wurd. 

Sit I sot i, tab i, tAdi tidi todi 
todi, tiki, tali till tuli, tin I tini, 
tan ton, titi teti tAti,tufi ,hEmi, 
fAfi fafi, fipi, fill, (kn fEri fen, Cezi, 
vali veil, vim, VAri yen, WEdi 
wod i, web i, wej I, wol I, waii i win i, 
WAti wit I, way I, avezi, yAni ynni. 



29 
IX. 186 wurclz — tur'minalz, r 1 hi n. 

WaI wel wnl, jaaI ayeI A\il, teI 
rol ril ril rul, lul lei, hiaI mEl mol 
mil mil mul mol mal mnl mAl, iiaI 
iieI nol nul nel, qAl qel qil. 

Horn horn hAm hem him hum 
ham, bnm bom bAm bum, pAm, 
dAm dEm dom dom dim dim dum 
dam, tAm tEm torn tim, gAm gnm 
gum gom gom, kAm kAm kom kum, 
vim, fAm fom fAm fum, them, hEm 
hum, CAm cam, jem jam, fAm fim 
fum, SAm sAm, yam. 



82 Dissil'ablz — ak'sent thi furst sil'abl. 

SpAdi spEdi, spECi speci, spoki, 
spnnji sponi, spASi spisi, stubi, 
stud i, stufi, stag i, stAj'i, stAfi 
stEmi stem I, stAni stoni, stori 
stAri, stufi, stiki steki, skabi, skefi 
sksmi skumi, skim, skaeri skAri, 
skoiti, skAli, swaIi, sweci, swell i. 



30 

Pri'mari Atik'olets be v for and After soundz. Lesn 

Saul sehi, rEm rom rim rum rum 
ram rom rim, Iaiii lorn lorn lorn lim 
lim lam, mAm mAm mum, num nAm, 
worn, A\im, qAm. BEn bin bAn bon, 
pen pAn pin pin pon pun pnn pan, 
dEn dm dAn den dnn den dAd din 
dam dun. 

Tun tarn tin tin tun ton tan, gAn 
gun gnn gam, kAn kEn kon kon kin 
kin ken kan ken, YAn vin van, fin 
fan fun fnn fAn fin, thin then than, 
hin, zon, son SAn sEn sin sin son. 



Naiii tin kenVbind mic'al and saind thi tur'minalz. 

Sweti, swim, twini, twill, sqeci, 
sqibi, sqski, sqnli, sqEmi, smoki, 
smut I, smili smell, sm\ki snEki, 
snAli snAli, snufi, snEzi, snapi, 
snEri, smuji, snoti, slabi, sluci, 
slogi slugi, sloli slili, slimi, skpi 
slop i slip i slop i, slAti slit i slut i. 



31 
X. 178 wurdz — tur'minalz, m n ib x. 

Cin cm con cun, jaii jin, fin fAn, 
yAn ynn, lion ham hen, WAn wen 
wun win win, Avin Aven, rAn ren ron 
rnn ran rin, lin Iaii, men niEn mon 
man, non nin non nun noum. 

Ban bun, pun pan, din don dun, 
tun, gan gon, kin, fan, hm hen, 
sun san sen sin, yun, hun han, 
win, Aian, ren rin run ran, lun len, 
mun, jin. Bax bEx bAx bnx bex 
bax bux box, pex pox pAx pex pax 
pex pux pix pix, tix tux tax tAX 
tux, gnx. 



Pro'ncuns thi wurd, aksent'm, thi furst sil'abl. 

Slohi, sIeyi, sIezi, slaifi. Bluci 
bkdi bludi blufi blomi blAni, bliti 
bleti, blefiblEfi, pkdi, pkti pliti, 
plevi, gUdi, glEli, glEin, glomi 
glori glasi glesi, kloidi, klegi, 
kloki, klami klani, klevi. 



32 

Pri'mari Atik'olets — tur'minalz, x i. Lesn 

Kax kox kox kix, vex, fox fix fax 
fex, six sex sox sux sax sex sex, cax 
cax cox cux cax cox, dex dux dex 
dix dux, jax jox, fox [ex fex fux fnx, 
yox, hox hAx hox hax hnx, wnx 
wax wex wix wax, Aiax, tax rex 
tex rox rax rox, Iex Iax Iax lix lix 
lox lex lax, hiax iuax max mix 
mux, nex nox nex, qAx qAx qax. 



Kadi thi kenfbind inic'al, sound thi tur'minalz 
and then pro^ncuns thi wurd, aksent'm. the furst sil'abl. 

Flab I flaci fleci fleji flAki fleki, 
flemi, Aesi, flapi flepi, flair i fluri, 
flEti flit I float i, frAti fret I frit I, 
frE li, fa zi friz I frAz I, frehi, nreb I, 
hredi, krAzi, krabi kragi, kraki 
kroki kreki, krEmi krumi, kroni, 
kropi, brim I bromi, brnni brAni 
brim, briri, brASi brasi braisi 
brEzi, brEthi, brefii, bruci. 







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